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Prejudice Towards Migrant Workers in Gulf Arab Countries

Received: 3 March 2023     Accepted: 23 March 2023     Published: 31 March 2023
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Abstract

For the majority of modern history, social psychologists have been interested in the problem of prejudice. There are several theories that explain why prejudice exists and how it can be lessened. Due to the fact that societies all over the world need to deal with a variety of different groups of people, prejudice between individuals and groups proves to be a significant barrier to positive relations. The problem of prejudice can be thus seen also among the Gulf Arabs towards migrants. It has been continuous and there is little sign that it is subsiding. Considering these facts the paper made an attempt to address the issue of Gulf Arab Muslim prejudice towards migrants. In doing so it has considered the broader issue of prejudice. The paper provided not only a social and political explanation but essentially a psychological one through psychological theories on why prejudice happens and why the victims accept it. The paper also provided solutions, assessments, strengths, and limitations on dealing with prejudice. It has used established psychological, social, and political theories to explain and address prejudice. The paper found that prejudice is still strong in many cultures including Gulf Arab Muslim culture and that it could be solved through proposed policies.

Published in International Journal of Education, Culture and Society (Volume 8, Issue 2)
DOI 10.11648/j.ijecs.20230802.12
Page(s) 45-49
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2023. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Prejudice, Racism, Xenophobia, Migrants, Arabs, Gulf Countries, Islam, Muslim

References
[1] Auwal, M. A. (2010). Ending the Exploitation of Migrant Workers In The Gulf. The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs, 34 (2), 87–108. http://www.jstor.org/stable/45289506
[2] Bailey, B. (2000) Language and Negotiation of Ethnic/Racial Identity among Dominican Americans, Language in Society, 29 (4), pp. 555–582.
[3] Bargh, J. A., Chen, M., & Burrows, L. (1996). Automaticity of social behavior: Direct effects of trait construct and stereotype activation on action. Journal of personality and social psychology, 71 (2), 230.
[4] Business. (2016). Allegations of Labour Abuse Against Gulf Migrant Workers - Business & Human Rights Resource Centre. Business & Human Rights Resource Centre. https://www.business-humanrights.org/fr/th%C3%A8mes-majeurs/gulf-business-human-rights/allegations-of-labour-abuse-against-gulf-migrant-workers/
[5] Buss, D. (2019). EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY: the new science of the mind. (p. 59). Routledge.
[6] Dovidio, J. F., & Gaertner, S. L. (1999). Reducing prejudice: Combating intergroup biases. Currentdirections in psychological science, 8 (4), 101-105.
[7] Hogg, M. A., & Vaughan, G. M. (2022). Social psychology (9th ed., p. Chapter 10, Section Racism). Pearson.
[8] Hopkins, N. and Kahani-Hopkins, V. (2004) The Antecedents of Identification: A rhetorical analysis of British Muslim activists’ constructions of community and identity, British Journal of Social Psychology, 43 (1), pp. 41–57.
[9] Islam, G. (2014). Social Dominance Theory. Encyclopedia of Critical Psychology, 1779–1781. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5583-7_288
[10] M, H. (1996). Contact and categorization: Social psychological interventions to change intergroup relations. (pp. 323–368). In C. N. Macrae, C. Stangor, & M. Hewstone (Eds.), Stereotypes and stereotyping.
[11] Migrant Workers in the Gulf: Unseen Struggles and Prospects for Reform. (2020, May). Middle East Institute. https://www.mei.edu/events/migrant-workers-gulf-unseen-struggles-and-prospects-reform
[12] Navarrete, C. D., McDonald, M. M., Molina, L. E., & Sidanius, J. (2010). Prejudice at the nexus of race and gender: An outgroup male target hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98 (6), 933–945. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017931
[13] Prejudice. (2020). Dictionary.apa.org. https://dictionary.apa.org/prejudice
[14] Racism. (n.d.). Dictionary.apa.org. https://dictionary.apa.org/racism
[15] Robinson, K. (2022, November 18). What Is the Kafala System? Council on Foreign Relations. https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/what-kafala-system
[16] Roy, A. L., Uriostegui, M., & Uribe, M. (2019). Intersecting experiences, motivating beliefs: The joint roles of class and race/ethnicity in the development of youths’ sociopolitical perceptions and participation. Child Development at the Intersection of Race and SES, 169–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.acdb.2019.04.003
[17] Sambaraju, R. (2021). “We are the victims of racism”: Victim categories in negotiating claims about racism against Black‐Africans in India. European Journal of Social Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2751
[18] Schiller, B., Baumgartner, T., & Knoch, D. (2014). Intergroup bias in third-party punishment stems from both in group favoritism and outgroup discrimination. Evolution and Human Behavior, 35 (3), 169–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2013.12.006
[19] Swim, J. T., & Stangor, C. (1998). Prejudice: The target’s perspective. Academic Press.
[20] Tariq, T. (2021, November 14). The Treatment of Migrant Workers in the Gulf States. Spheres of Influence. https://spheresofinfluence.ca/the-treatment-of-migrant-workers-in-the-gulf-states/
[21] Willott, S. and Griffin, C. (1999) Building Your Own Lifeboat: Working-class male offenders talk about economic crime, British Journal of Social Psychology, 38 (4), pp. 445–460.
[22] Xenophobia. (n.d.). Dictionary.apa.org. https://dictionary.apa.org/xenophobia
Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Mohammad Mushfequr Rahman. (2023). Prejudice Towards Migrant Workers in Gulf Arab Countries. International Journal of Education, Culture and Society, 8(2), 45-49. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijecs.20230802.12

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    ACS Style

    Mohammad Mushfequr Rahman. Prejudice Towards Migrant Workers in Gulf Arab Countries. Int. J. Educ. Cult. Soc. 2023, 8(2), 45-49. doi: 10.11648/j.ijecs.20230802.12

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    AMA Style

    Mohammad Mushfequr Rahman. Prejudice Towards Migrant Workers in Gulf Arab Countries. Int J Educ Cult Soc. 2023;8(2):45-49. doi: 10.11648/j.ijecs.20230802.12

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  • @article{10.11648/j.ijecs.20230802.12,
      author = {Mohammad Mushfequr Rahman},
      title = {Prejudice Towards Migrant Workers in Gulf Arab Countries},
      journal = {International Journal of Education, Culture and Society},
      volume = {8},
      number = {2},
      pages = {45-49},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ijecs.20230802.12},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijecs.20230802.12},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijecs.20230802.12},
      abstract = {For the majority of modern history, social psychologists have been interested in the problem of prejudice. There are several theories that explain why prejudice exists and how it can be lessened. Due to the fact that societies all over the world need to deal with a variety of different groups of people, prejudice between individuals and groups proves to be a significant barrier to positive relations. The problem of prejudice can be thus seen also among the Gulf Arabs towards migrants. It has been continuous and there is little sign that it is subsiding. Considering these facts the paper made an attempt to address the issue of Gulf Arab Muslim prejudice towards migrants. In doing so it has considered the broader issue of prejudice. The paper provided not only a social and political explanation but essentially a psychological one through psychological theories on why prejudice happens and why the victims accept it. The paper also provided solutions, assessments, strengths, and limitations on dealing with prejudice. It has used established psychological, social, and political theories to explain and address prejudice. The paper found that prejudice is still strong in many cultures including Gulf Arab Muslim culture and that it could be solved through proposed policies.},
     year = {2023}
    }
    

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    AU  - Mohammad Mushfequr Rahman
    Y1  - 2023/03/31
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    JF  - International Journal of Education, Culture and Society
    JO  - International Journal of Education, Culture and Society
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    PB  - Science Publishing Group
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    AB  - For the majority of modern history, social psychologists have been interested in the problem of prejudice. There are several theories that explain why prejudice exists and how it can be lessened. Due to the fact that societies all over the world need to deal with a variety of different groups of people, prejudice between individuals and groups proves to be a significant barrier to positive relations. The problem of prejudice can be thus seen also among the Gulf Arabs towards migrants. It has been continuous and there is little sign that it is subsiding. Considering these facts the paper made an attempt to address the issue of Gulf Arab Muslim prejudice towards migrants. In doing so it has considered the broader issue of prejudice. The paper provided not only a social and political explanation but essentially a psychological one through psychological theories on why prejudice happens and why the victims accept it. The paper also provided solutions, assessments, strengths, and limitations on dealing with prejudice. It has used established psychological, social, and political theories to explain and address prejudice. The paper found that prejudice is still strong in many cultures including Gulf Arab Muslim culture and that it could be solved through proposed policies.
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Author Information
  • College of Health, Psychology and Social Care, School of Psychology, University of Derby, Derby, UK

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